Improvement in machinery for making type



UNITED i STATES PATENT ()i/TEICE.v

f JEAN o. PETYT, on PARIS, EEAivoi-i.

lMPROVVEMENT IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING TYPE.

Specification forming part of'Letters Patent No. 5,049, dated April,1847.

An explanation ofthe annexed plates for the purpose of obtaining thePatent Right of a Machine for Making Type in relief and in creux,cold-wrought, and of any metal. Since the highly-valuable andmemorableinvention of Gutteuberg, which gave birth to the art ofprinting, themany processes which time and experience have suggested for theimprovement of the art have hitherto butvery imperfectly removed thedifficulty which the operation of casting presents in obtainingdistinctness and durability in the use of type-a difficulty resultingfrom the necessity of selecting highlyfusible metals. lVIechanism, thefruitful power which in this century has imparted so active an impulseto every branch of industry, has never until in the present instancebeen successfully applied tothe manufacturing of cold-wroughtprinting-type. In the United Statesiu some countries ofEurope, recentlyin France, vain attempts have been made to solve this problem, theeffects ofY stamping and the distinctness of the impression of therelief on thin plates were 'well known,and it was hoped that thesameresult might by the same means be obtained ou Inetallic rods.Hammers and levers have been resorted to alternately; but the resultAwas always either a want of distinctn'ess in the relief or a defect ofparallelism in the body. The isolated pressure caused an injuriousdisturbance in the molecules of-lhe metal, irregularity was theconsequence, and the type became useless. Attempts have likewise beenmade with a system of 'machinery called the Parisian nail-machine,77 butthis being calculated to act upon round wire which requires no minuteprecision, the first alteration requisite was to suppress Vitscurvilinear pressure; but it may readily be understood that thisparticular pressure being applied to a square rod requiringamathematical pressure at right augle'sin all directions, there couldl`be no parallelism obained, *nor other results necessary for theIperfection of the type, the naturevof type being such as to render thetask of thefprinter impossible should there exist the leafVlimperfection in any part. In fact, ofwha'tuse to theart of printingcould a new mode offnianufacturing type prove if the most vessentialconditions-distinctness and parallelism of body-'were notfulilled- Inthis the difficulty/consisted: to remove it is the object of the presentnew and simple machine, of

which I solicit-the Patent Right-a machine which fulfills all thenecessary requisites of celerity, distinctness, and economy, and turnsout a type in every respect superior to those cast.

A represents wooden supports of thedrums B, Plates 1 and 2. A

B represents wooden drums, on which are wrapped the metallic rods C, toprevent them from mixing and twisting, thatin passing linto the roddresser D they may be perfectly straight.

C represents metallic rods, of any metal, placed,according to thethickness and width necessary for the body of letter, desired, Plates 1and 2.

D isa rod straightener or dresser compose of tive pulleys of iron, I,'three of which are Plates land 2. This roddresser is used to straightenthe rod as it comes from the drum B,in order to remove all thecnrvatures which it may have contracted.

, E is a small cast-ing intended to support the tive iron pulleys I,Plates l and 2.

F is a steel screw to secure the iron pulleys I of the rod-dresserD tothe casting or bed E to the box G.

G is a steel box or bearing sliding in the casting E,for the purpose ofraising or lowering the pulleys I according to the size of the rod,Plate 2. Y'

H is a. steel regulating-screw to raise `or lower the bearings uponwhich rest thepulleys I, Plates 1 and 2.

I represents five iron pulleys, three of which arey below and two above.They are intended to straighten or dress the rod as it comes from thepulley or drum` B, Plates l and 2.'

J is the rod-drawer,of casting, intended to draw the rod C as it comesfrom the'pulleys I toward the guides A K and A L. This piece is placedas follows: All that part marked K is a casting, on the top of which isa piece, L, moving on a pivot the fulcrum of which is a pin fixed to itsaxis. The back part of this piece is raised by a spring, M, which causesthe front part armed with a chisel to press against the rod C, so thatas the rod-drawer advances the rod is carried with it to its destinationin the guides A K and A L,which lat-l ter closing upon it prevent itfrom going back. Consequently as the rod-drawer recedes the chisel Nslides on the metallic rod C until again coming forward it brings therod once more to its destination, &c., Plates 1 and 2.

J is an iron tube having interiorly the shape and dimension of the rod.This tube is screwed to the casting of the rod-drawer, and is intendedto hold the rod in the space between the casting K and the guides A Kand A L. This tube is changed in the same case as the guide should be,Plates 1 and 2.

'K is a block or bed of casting supporting the pieces of the rod-drawer,Plates 1 and 2. Lis an iron lever moving on a pivot in# tended to pressthe chisel N upon the rod,

Plates 1 and 2.

'M is a spring which raises the back part of the lever L, Plates 1 and2.

N is a small chisel intended to press upon the rod C, Plates 1 and 2.

O'is a pressing-screw intended to secure the chisel N to the lever L,Plates 1 and 2.

P isa pressing-screw to press at will upon thel chisel in order todecrease or increase its bearing upon the rod, Plates'l and 2.

' is attached a gearing-pinion, which in describing part of a quarter ofa circle by means of the connecting-rod V advances or withdraws therod-drawer J by means of an upright gearing below the rod-drawer, Plates1 and 2.

Y'is a connecting-rod attached at one end tothe crank B S, and at the'other to vthe arm X by means of an iron piece, Y, to which it isscrewed in such a manner as to be capable of being lengthened andshortened, Plates 1 and2.

X is an iron piece or arm forming a crank, attached at one end to theiron piece Y andat the other to the shaft U, on which it moves withoutcommunicating to the` shaft any motion, Plates 1 and 2.

Y is an iron piece screwed to the end ofthe connecting-rod V, asdescribed in article Y, and communicating a to-and-fro motion to the armX, Plates 1 and 2. l

Z is an iron segmentattached to the end of the shaft U, Plates 1 and 2.When f the connectingrod Vis set in motion by the crank B S, itcommunicates a to-and-fro motion to the arm X. As this arm advances itrests upon abearing of the segment, Plate 2, and'thus causes theshaft Uto make a partial turn forward, and as the arrn recedes by bearing inlike manner upon the screw A A it gives the shaft U a like back wardturn, Plates 1 and 2.

A A represent a screw serving to regulate v the course of the arm X andto determine the portion of the revolution that the shaft U mustperform,and thus determining the course ofthe rod-drawer, the effect ofwhich is this: The more the rod-drawer recedes the greater the length ofrod with which it will return, and vice versa, Plates 1 and 2. 1

A B represent a regulating-screw, intended to raise and lower the boxesof the shaft U, which are placed -below the casting A C,

' Plates V1 and 2.

A C represent a casting serving.as the scat or bed ofthe machine, Plates1, 2, and 3, Fig. 1.

A D represent a pressinglever, la double cutter, Plates 1 and 2. Thislarge lever, one extremity'of which starts directly from the shaft B I,from which it receives its movement, and the other end of which, of anoval form, 'is traversed by an arm, is intended to give an ascending anddescending motion to two bands, A F, to which it is attached by thescrews AE. y

A E represent a screw fastened into the 'extremity of the arm of'thelever A D, Plates 1, 2, and 3, Fig. 1. This screw is intended, on theone hand, to fasten the.bands A F to the lever A D, and on the other'togive more or less pressure upon the sliding box A G. 4The passage ofthis screw into the bands A F prescnts an oval aperture sufficient forthe motion, although somewhat curvilinear, that the lever imparts to thescrew to permit the sliding box A G to ascend perpendicularly.

A F represent a steel band intended to raise the sliding box A G, towhich it is attached by a pin passing through the eyes ofthe band and ofthe sliding box, Plates 1 and 3, Figs. 1 and 7.

A G represent an iron sliding box, Plates 1 and 3, Figs. 1 and 7. Thisbox is inclosed between two parallel bronze pieces, A R, which act asguides and oblige itto descend perpendicularly when pressed by the screwA E. At the same time that it presses strongly upon the upper guide, AL, this box serves to bring the punch or die adapted to the slide A H tobear upon the metallic rod. The groove which exists in the middle of thepiece serves to introduce a peg or punch to drive the slide A H,' placedat the end of the sliding box A G. This slide can be changed. at willeach time that it is desired to change the punches A J.

`The round hole at the side is' to receive the end of the peg A Nand ofthe screw that holds the upper guide.

A H represent a slide upon which are riveted two punches, A J, Plate 3,Figs. 1 and 7.

A I represent a steel fiat-headed screw even with the sliding box,intended to prevent the slide A H fromeseapingfrom-its groove,Plate 3,Figs. 1 and 7.

A J represent two steel punches riveted to the slide-A H, the firsthaving an oblong form with a scoop iny the center, Plate 3, Fig. 7. Fromits position it has the following effect: The straight side of the punchcuts the rod perfectly even and square, the length required for the bodyof the type, while the side with a scoop directs the metal by the otherend, upon which the letter is to be stamped,to enter into the matrix BG, and thus facilitates the stamping. This form ofscooped punch is onlyused for those letters which occupy the center of the rod--such as mao,&c.for those which cover the whole space, as b ij, &c., the square punchwithout scoop or stops is employed, (see Plate 3, Figs. 2 and 4,) whichrepresent the lower guide, A K, with its aperture, through which passesthe punch. withoutslope. The second punch,having the shape of a largeround point,acts with halt' of its circumference upon the edgek of therod and makes a little groove in the body of the type, which printersdesignate by the name of nick,77 Plate'3, Fig. 7. These two punches,after having passed through the metallic rodand been driven into thelower guide, A K, forming, as it were, a cutting-plate, remain thereonly so long asis necessary for the stroke to be effected, and thuscontributing to prevent the recoil of the rod at the time of the stroke.V,

A K represent a lower guide or protector of steel, Plate 3, Figs. 1, 2,3, 4, 6, and 8. The lower guide or protector `hasl theform of atruncated cone, Fig. 2. It is adjusted tothe guide carrier. 1n themiddle ofthis piece there is a groove, of mathematical precision, cutexactly the size of the type, according to the body of the letter it isintended to make. Thus we say, for example, that the body vof the point8 requires a groove mathematically c'ntormablc toit, and that for thedetermined length from the point A to the bearing or shoulder B', Figs.2, 4, and- 6, against whichk the upper guide or protector rests. tion ofthe groove extended beyond`the point B' is of greater width tofacilitate the passage of the metallic rod. The shoulder B' is intendedas a bearing for the upper guide against the force of the stroke. Thetwo holes-one round and the other square-traversing this guide areintended for the purposes explained 1n article A J.

A L represent an upper guide or support,

also of steel, having two notches intended toY That porf yguide-carrier.

secure the rod from the line of incision to the bearing or shoulder B',and thus prevent it from recoiling at the moment that the roddrawerrecedes'to bring back a new length of rod for the body of a new type.

strong pressure communicated to it bythe lebearing strongly upon thelower presses laterally the metallic rod by its widest sides andy holdsit so firmly as to prevent it from spread- .ing out when the teeth A Ocome to imprint themselves into this rod. This guide orprotector, by itssquarelform, corresponds exactly with the groove in thelower one, andboth united form an oblong perfectly conformable to the body of thetype.It is at this moment `that the sliding box A G, armed with its twopunches, Plate 3, Fig. 1, descends. At the same time that the twopunches cut themetallic rod the sliding box compresses the upperprotector or guide, which in its turn compresses the rod by itsnarrowest edge without any alteration being made in the lateral pressureof the guides. pieces are thus arranged the strokeis given,

immediately the slidingvbox ,ascends with its .f

punches, the piece A L, following this motion of retreat, ceases itslateral pressure, liberates the body of the letter from its protectors,and

that piece of the rod kept between the lline of incision and theepaulment B', receiving in its turn 'an impulse from the rod-drawer,pushes beforeit the letter produced and takes its place, tobegin againanew operation.

Thus, as hasv been said above, each body of the type requires analogousprotectors. or guides. y

A M representa supporting-screwintended to sustain the back part of theupper protector,

AL, and to preserve it always horizontal with the metallic rod, and asthis rod is changed according to the thickness of the type it isintended to produce the intention of this screw is likewise to raise orlower the piece A L in a corresponding manner, Plate 3, Figs. 1, 4, 5,6.

A N represent a square steel rod, Plate 3, Figs.- 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.This is fixed into the Its use is to prevent the upper guide orprotector from being deranged by the course of the metallic rod, or fromany other cause, leaving it at the samev time sufficient liberty whenthe pressure ceases. The end of this steel rod emerging from theupperguide, A

L,'is rounded and threaded, Fig. 3, to receive a screw, which servesinits turn to prevent the guide from rising too high. intended to allowthe passage of the rod that advances above the bodyof the type that hasbeen struck, there should consequently be no more space than is sufcientto allow a free passage to the body of the type.

A represent prongs of the lower guide, Plate 3,v Figs. 2, 3, 6, and 8,of the upper, Fig. 5, are 'two^little, as it were, teeth of -steel fixedat the extremity of each guident the point of encounter. /They are sofixed as bythe press- The action f of this guide or protector isregulated bya At the moment that the Asv the raising is ure of theguides to enter entirely into the body of the metallic rods at theextremity, where the stroke will be given that is to produce the eye ofthe letter. These teeth are indispensably necessary,because by clutchingthe metallic rod the metalv acquires agreater density at the extremitywhere the stroke is to be applied. The metal, being no longer able tospread, (by reason of the pressure of the guides or protectors,) isprevented from being battered up by the stroke; and this produces adistinctness and neatness in the relief and delity in the graving of thematrix. It is well, also, to observe that the projection of these teethshould correspond to the thickness of the body upon which they are toact. Thus for ani or an Z, for example, they should be less projectingthan for those letters which are of greater thick ness. This has causedus to adopt three sets of guides or protectors, divided thus: One setwith very projecting teeth for the thick letters-such as m w, Steanotherset with middle sized teeth for such as a o u, Ste., and another withvery small ones for such letters as ij, &c. These teeth should also beperfectly smooth, so as not to retain the body of the type after thestroke.

A P represent a steel guide-holder or carrier, Plate 3, Figs. 1, 2, 3,4, and 6. This piece has the form ot' a square die, with a cylindricalend or stalk below and at the center. This cylinder isadjustedintoacylindrical hole of the casting-bed, Fig. 3, and serves to raiseandl lower without vacillationthe guides, by means of the screw A U, inorder' to place the metallic rod well in connection with the-matrix. Asto the square part of the guide-holder,

Figs. l and 3, it is likewise adjusted into the casting,and its use isto prevent the piece from moving right or left under the strokes of thematrix. It is on the face opposite to the cylindrical end that the lowerguide and the square rod A N are placed. This guide-holder has a holecorresponding with the conduit A Q of the castingand the holes of theguide, so`

as to permit the escape of the wasting or scraps produced by the cuttingof the metallic rods by the punches, Plate 3, Fig. 3.

A Q represent holes in the casting-block of the machine, intended, asabove mentioned, as a vent for the escape of the scraps, Plate 3, Fig.1.

A B represent two parallel bronze pieces intended to conne the slidingbox and oblige it to descend perpendicularly. They are attached to thecasting by the screw A S, and

joined together by the screw A T, Plates 1, 2,' and 3, Fig. 1.

A S represent a screw attaching the bronze pieces to the casting afterthe regulation of the sliding box, Plates 1 2, and 3, Fig; 1.

A T represent a screw intended to draw the bronze pieces together andremedy their wearing, Plates 1 and 2.

A U represent a screw to press, screwed into the casting-block andintended to regulate the guides, Plate 3, Fig. 1.

v A V represent a screw4 intended to secure v the arms of the lever A D,Plates 1 and 2.

A X representa large ironpin acting as a hinge or axis for the largelever A D, Plates 1, 2, and 3, Fig. 1.

A Y represent two screws securing the pin A X, Plates 1, 2, and 3, Fig.1.

A Z represent two large slde-pressing levers, i

Plates 1, 2, and 3, Figs. 1 and 6. These levers give a side pressure tothe guides A L. Their pressing movement is regulated, on the one hand,by the notched B Q, on the other by the Springs B R.

B A represent a screw xed into the ballot' each lever A Z, to increaseor diminish their pressure upon the upper guides, Plates 1, 2, and 3,Figs. 1 and 6.

BB represent pinswith screw-thread fixed into the casting A C, andacting as hinges or axes to the lever A Z, `Plates 1 and 2.

B C represent screws to secure the pins B B, Plates 1 and 2.

B D represent guides of the hammers, acting as their sliders, havingscrews attaching them to the casting A C, Plates 1 and 2.

B E represent a screw to regulate the guides ofthe hammers, Plates 1 and2.

B F represents steel hammers or rammers with bronze sliders, Plate 1. Tothese are attached matrices or punches of steel intended to stamp theletters. vThe direction of these hammers or rammers can be changed atpleasure, either to the right or left, by means ofthe movable slidersBD, between which they move and which are themselves regulated by thepressing-screws B E.

B Gr represent steel matrices with graving in creux to make letters inrelief, or steel puncheons graved in relief to make letters or type increux, Plates 1 and 3, Fig. 9. They may be changed at pleasure. The bodyof each one' is round, whether matrix or punch, in order that they maybe fitted hermetically into the cavity of the hammers. They are securedinto the hammers by means of little screws, B H, with conic extremities,which, passing through the body ofthe hammers, enter into littlecavities,

likewise conic, drilled into the body of each matrix or puncheon, inorder to keep them in the same position, Plate 3, Fig. 9. As theguide-holders are susceptible ot' a movement up or down, and thehammers, by means of their sliders, may be moved to the right or theleft, it is easy to adj ust the matrices or puncheens in a xeddirection, so as to strike the letter in the manner required.

B H represent a pressing-screw with conicshaped end, traversing the bodyof vthe hammer, Plate 1. 1

B I represent a large motor-shaft provided with cams, liat wheels, `and.cam levers or spurs. i

B .l represent a steel cam of the lever A D, fixed to the shaft B I, andintended to raise and lower this lever, Plates 1 and 2.

B K represent a steel'spur attached to the shaft BI, which in turningrests against a' bearing of the pieceB L, attached to the lever A'D bythe pin B M, and thus lowers the lever while its prongis inthe notch oftheV cam B J, Plate 1.

B L represent asteel piece serving to lower' the lever A D, Plates 1 and2.

B M represent a pin of the piece B L, serving at the same time as a pinfor the interior spur of the lever A D, Plates 1 and 2.

B N represent a cam of the hammers attached to the shaft B I, intendedto raise the hammers by means of the cam levers or spurs B O, Plates 1,2,fand 4, Fig. v4'.

B O represent spurs attached to the ham-l mers, serving to raise them,Plates 1, 2, and 4, Fig. 4.

B P represent capsof the boxes in which the shaft turns, Plates 1 and 2.

B Q represent a ilat wheel with notches intended to move the levers AZ,Plates 1, 2, and 4, Figs. 1 and 2. The fiat wheel .in Plate 2 isrepresented as open, though in fact itis solid, in order that thearrangement of the parts behind it may be seen.

B B represent steel springs bearing upon the levers A Z, and causingthem to open at the moment that the rollers thereon are about to fallinto the notches of the iiat wheel.

B S represent a crank of the connecting-rod V, Plates 1 and 2.

B T represent an indented wheel, Plate 1. v

B U represent pawl-levers of the wheel B I, Plate 1.

B V represent a flywheel of the shaft, Plates 1 and 2. f

B X represent loose pulleys, Plates 1 and 2.

B Y represent fixed pulleys, Plate 1.

B Z represent a seat or frame of the machine, Plates 1 and 2.

C A represent six iron rods, threerfor each hammer or rammer. Of thesethree one is attached to the rammer and the two others to the casting CA, that slides in the arms of the rammer. These lrods are furnished withsprings that impel the rammer as soon as the cams B M allow the spurs ofthe rammers `or hammers to escape, Plates 1 and 2.

C B represent springs of the rammers, Plates 1 and 2.

C C represent plates with three holes, through which pass the iron rods.They serve to hold the springs, and by means of screws at the end offour of these rods they serve also to give the springs more or lesstension. The scale of Plates 1 and 2 represents a meter. The figures ofPlates 3 and 4 are of the natural or real size.

It is evidentfrom the above description that this machine is providedwith a duplicate arrangement-that is,with two rammers or hammers, twolevers for lateral pressure, two sliding boxes, two sets of guides orprotectors, Ste-and that itacts in the following manner: By theoperation of its pieces the shaft BI raises the arms of the lever A D.The lever A Z ceases to press and the guides open at the same time thatthe rammer in raising presses the springs."` The` connecting rod thenyadvances the rod-drawer,which conducts ,themel tallicvrods between theguides or'protectors. Immediately the lever A Z effects its lateralpressure, 'the large leverA Dloweri'ng causes a perpendicular pressureupon the guides. At the same time the punches cut the'rods, the

rod-drawer recedes to seize again the meta],- and the rammer escapinggives the stroke.

' destroy all traces of this roughness, and as to,

the completion of the type the operations are throughout the same as forthose that are cast.

It is well to observe that the projection beyoud the guides should be inproportion to the sizeof the letter intended to be produced, in orderthat there should be sufficient metal, and neither more nor less, forthe formation of the eyeof theletter. The rod-drawer'should also beregulated accordingly. This practice will teach.

I now describe the manner of producing by my apparatus a relief upon ametallic rod with the aid of a steel matrix adapted to a rammer. If inplace of a matrix I adapt to the rammer a steel puncheon with its lettergrayed in relief, the same operation of striking being apV plied to ametallic rod of a size conformable to that required for the letter willproduce a matrix rod or body similar to type, but with the impression increux. To obtain this type in creux suitably executed it will besufficient to make the following modifications: First, substitute forthe matrix in creux a puncheon graved in relief; second, employ guideswith smaller teeth or prongs. It is necessary, also, carefully toregulate the rod-drawer, in order that the extremity of the rod shouldcome even with the guides, and to use punches without slope. By means of`these few modifications in place of type in relief type in creux ofequal precision are obtained. I naturally ask, as it is a new idea andfor the first time Vrendered practicable,4 they right to apply thesecreux type, as being anadvantageous substitute for the mode at presentemployed in the process f Onlyin this latter case of making stereotype.it would be necessary that the type in creux should be of a densermetal-of copper, for example.

of the same hammer with puncheon in relief,

observing at-the same time the modification pointed out in the body ofthis description.

Although for the clearness of the descrip- ,tion I have always spoken ofa single letter or Thus this machine enables meto produce either type inrelief by means offhammers with matrices, or type in creux by meanstype, of course the matrices or puncheons may punches and letter-diesarranged and operatinclude several leters, gures, and even iowingsubstantially as described. ers, vignettes, an in awor every ornamentused in typography. y J' C PETYT' What I claim as my invention, anddesire to Witnesses: y secure by Letters Patent, is- JOHN BARTLY,

The combination of the lateral dies with the A. LEFEVRE.

